Riding the Bulls & Bears

Navigating the dynamic world of stock market trends.

Riding the Bulls & Bears Landing
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Stock Market Fundamentals

📈 Stock Market Fundamentals

Aggregation of Buyers and Sellers

  • A stock market connects buyers and sellers of stocks or shares.
  • Stocks represent ownership claims on businesses.
  • Investments in the stock market are typically guided by a specific strategy.
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Public & Private Stock Trading

🏢 Public & Private Stock Trading

Exchange and Private Shares

  • Securities can be listed on public stock exchanges for widespread trading.
  • Stock can also be traded privately, often through equity crowdfunding platforms.
  • Public exchanges provide liquidity and transparency for investors.
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Global Stock Market Scale

🌍 Global Stock Market Scale

21 Exchanges Exceed $1 Trillion

  • Twenty-one stock exchanges worldwide each have a market capitalization over US$1 trillion.
  • These 'Trillion Dollar Club' exchanges collectively accounted for 87% of global market capitalization in 2016.
  • Some major exchanges list companies from outside their home country, fostering global investment.
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Top Stock Exchanges by Market Capitalization (Q3 2023)

📊 Top Stock Exchanges by Market Capitalization (Q3 2023)

Major Exchanges with Over US$2 Trillion Market Cap

World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) Monthly Statistics, Q3 2023 Data (September 2023)

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Nasdaq: A Digital Pioneer

💻 Nasdaq: A Digital Pioneer

First Fully Electronic Market

  • The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American exchange, the second-largest by market capitalization.
  • It was the first fully electronic stock market, revolutionizing trading methods.
  • Based in New York City, Nasdaq is the most active stock trading venue in the U.S. by volume.
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Nasdaq's Sector Focus

🚀 Nasdaq's Sector Focus

Home to Tech Giants

  • Nasdaq is the primary listing exchange for many technology companies.
  • It also trades stock in numerous foreign firms, notably from China and Israel.
  • As of December 31, 2024, 4,075 companies had securities listed on Nasdaq.
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Companies Listed on Nasdaq by Sector (Dec 31, 2024)

📊 Companies Listed on Nasdaq by Sector (Dec 31, 2024)

Total 4,075 Listed Companies

Nasdaq Listing Data, accessed 2024 (estimated sector distribution for Dec 31, 2024 based on market trends)

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Key Nasdaq Indices

📊 Key Nasdaq Indices

Diverse Market Barometers

  • The Nasdaq Composite is a broad market index tracking all stocks listed on Nasdaq.
  • The Nasdaq-100 focuses on the largest non-financial companies listed on Nasdaq.
  • The Nasdaq Financial-100 specifically tracks financial companies on the exchange.
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Defining a Market Crash

📉 Defining a Market Crash

Over 10% Drop in Days

  • A stock market crash is a sudden, dramatic decline of stock prices across a major market section.
  • The term commonly applies to declines exceeding 10% in a stock market index over several days.
  • Crashes result in significant losses of paper wealth for investors.
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Causes of Market Crashes

⚠️ Causes of Market Crashes

Panic Selling and Bubbles

  • Crashes are fueled by panic selling, often combined with underlying economic weaknesses.
  • They commonly follow periods of speculation and the bursting of economic bubbles.
  • Excessive economic optimism and widespread use of margin debt can precede a crash.
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Crashes vs. Bear Markets

🐻 Crashes vs. Bear Markets

Abrupt vs. Prolonged Declines

  • Stock market crashes are characterized by abrupt, dramatic price declines and panic selling.
  • Bear markets are longer periods of declining stock prices, measured in months or years.
  • Crashes are generally unexpected and do not always initiate a bear market.
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Global Market Turmoil in 2025

🚨 Global Market Turmoil in 2025

Triggered by New Tariff Policies

  • Global stock markets experienced a crash starting April 2, 2025.
  • This decline followed the introduction of sweeping new tariff policies by the U.S. President.
  • It was the largest global market decline since the 2020 stock market crash.
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Global Stock Market Decline: 2020 vs. 2025 Crashes

📊 Global Stock Market Decline: 2020 vs. 2025 Crashes

Percentage Change in Major Global Index (e.g., MSCI World)

Data patterns derived from historical MSCI World Index performance (e.g., Investing.com, Accessed 2024). 2025 decline is a hypothetical scenario.

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US Market Recovery in Mid-2025

✅ US Market Recovery in Mid-2025

S&P 500 Reaches All-Time Highs

  • A pause in tariff increases on April 9, 2025, sparked a significant market rally.
  • By May 13, 2025, the S&P 500 US stock market index had turned positive for the year.
  • Both the S&P 500 and Nasdaq closed at all-time highs by June 27, 2025.
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S&P 500 & Nasdaq Recovery (April-June 2025)

📊 S&P 500 & Nasdaq Recovery (April-June 2025)

Daily Index Performance Relative to Year Start

Simulated daily S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite index performance, based on historical market trends and typical recovery patterns (April-June 2025). Data is illustrative.

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US500 Index Rises (Oct 2025)

⬆️ US500 Index Rises (Oct 2025)

US500 Rose 0.70% on Oct 31, 2025

  • The main stock market index of the United States, the US500, rose to 6870 points.
  • This gain of 0.70% was recorded on October 31, 2025, from the previous session.
  • This movement reflects current market sentiment and investor activity.
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US500 Index Performance (October 2025)

📊 US500 Index Performance (October 2025)

Daily Closing Values and Percentage Change

TradingEconomics, S&P 500 Historical Data (Data for October 2025 simulated based on market trends)

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NYSE Reflects Recent Decisions (Oct 2025)

🏛️ NYSE Reflects Recent Decisions (Oct 2025)

Fed, Tech Earnings Impact

  • The NYSE market recently processed impacts from the Federal Reserve rate decision.
  • Mega-cap technology company earnings also influenced market movements.
  • These factors contribute to daily market digestion and adjustments.
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